Independent analysis on European policy, integration, and democratic governance.
Introduction Every enlargement debate eventually arrives at the same question: can the European Union take in new members without weakening itself? For two decades the answer was postponed. Candidate countries were told to reform; the Union, for its part, was rarely asked to do the…
The article explains what an EU implementation report is and how to read one critically, then assesses delivery under each of the Strategy's three pillars — security and resilience, connectivity and growth, and environmental protection and civil protection — distinguishing throughout between engagement and outcome.
For most of the last two decades, European cybersecurity law addressed organisations rather than objects. The NIS2 Directive tells hospitals, energy operators and digital infrastructure providers how to manage risk. The 2019 Cybersecurity Act built a certification scheme that companies could use if they chose…
A look at Regulation (EU) 2024/900 and what it means for political ads online You're scrolling through Instagram the week before an election. A sponsored post appears, backing a candidate you've barely heard of. It's polished, persuasive, and gone the moment you swipe past. Who…
This Policy Brief examines the European Media Freedom Act (2024), a landmark EU regulation establishing a common framework for media pluralism and independence across the Union. The analysis explores the Act's key provisions on editorial independence, media ownership transparency, protection of journalistic sources, and the…
Dr George Robakidze examines the EU Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252) as a landmark legislative response to one of the most pressing structural vulnerabilities facing the European economy. The article explores binding 2030 benchmarks for domestic extraction, processing, and recycling, and how the…
For more than two decades, the European Union has relied on a legal framework designed for a fundamentally different digital environment. When the E-Commerce Directive was adopted in 2000, online services were relatively simple: websites mainly provided static information, communication possibilities were limited, and e-commerce…
Dr George Robakidze examines A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age as one of the most comprehensive strategies for aligning industrial competitiveness with climate neutrality in the EU. The article discusses the policy's focus on regulatory simplification, permitting, state aid, skills development, and…
The EU Code of Conduct on Disinformation is the most advanced effort so far to address disinformation through shared responsibility rather than solely legislation. First introduced in 2018 and strengthened significantly in 2022 and 2024, it shows how EU thinking has changed and evolved.
Dr George Robakidze examines the priorities and strategic vision of the Cyprus Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2026). The article explores how the Presidency frames European strategic autonomy as an enabling principle spanning security and defence, economic competitiveness, energy resilience, social…
